Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Theory - Term Paper Example This paper will examine EBP and identify theories that affect nursing interventions and implications in primary care nursing and also highlight some of its drawbacks. The use of EBP in healthcare setting differs from conducting research. This is because in clinical settings, EBP aims at implementing the latest evidence provided by research to guide patient care towards the best achievable outcomes. A prominent characteristic of EBP is that it encourages the cultivation of the spirit of inquiry, which basically questions existing of conventional practices. Through enquiry, practitioners of primary care nursing can challenge the conventional practices and create room for changes and improvements (Yoder-Wise, 2012). For instance, clinical questions designed in the PICOT format (they deal with patient population, the issue, comparison population, outcome and time involved) are crucial in establishing the most relevant search procedures that yield quality information in the least time possible. Then, before it is implemented or integrated, the information (or evidence) is critically appraised to ensure it is valid, reliable and applicable. The signifi cance of critically appraising evidence can best be understood from the perspective of increasing professional and public need for accountability in quality improvement and safety in primary care nursing (Yoder-Wise, 2012). This is even more pronounced by the fact that preventable harm is usually caused by key deficits in conventional practices that often go unquestioned. Decision making in EBP entails integrating knowledge and experience gained through an individual’s expertise, research evidence and client preferences in the perspective of available resources (Berwick, 2009). Therefore, decision making in EBP is a prescriptive approach towards how choices are made and is founded on ideas of improving theories so that they can be useful and relevant in

Confidence intervals Essay Example for Free

Confidence intervals Essay Confidence Intervals have numerous applications for professional activities. Confidence Intervals have a wide use in defining the outcome of a particular question. The use of confidence levels are used commonly in Health, Business, Politics and Engineering venues. There are three examples that will be recognized as having real world applications regarding confidence intervals. An Empirical Test of the Black-Scholes (BS) Option pricing model exhibited the use of a confidence interval approach. The BS model is a model used to determine price variation over time such as stock options. The utilization of confidence intervals to determine if the BS model was accurate was concluded â€Å"constructing a 95 percent confidence interval for the call option, we found in general that significantly less than 95 percent of the observations fall within the relevant range. † The theory of incorporating a confidence interval into the BS model developed a way for investors to identify what options we better to purchase. (Levy Byun, 1987) In a case study to estimate the confidence in advertising the authors of â€Å"Estimating Confidence Bounds for Advertising Effect Duration Intervals† studied the dynamic effects of current and past advertising on current and future sales utilizing confidence intervals. The study identified how long an advertisement should be displayed depending on the duration interval and the confidence interval that helped managers arrive at proper decisions. Using confidence intervals in this situation enabled leaders to make an informed decision. (Franses Vroomen, 2006) Through the use of surveys in case study â€Å"Mortality rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies† they were able to incorporate confidence intervals. They used confidence intervals to determine the mortality confidence level from surveys in devastated areas. The authors approach enables health officials to identify confidence levels from survey areas to be better prepared for future emergencies. (Sullivan, Hossain, Woodruff, 2010) There is an infinite amount of ways to use confidence intervals in any professional culture. The three examples are only a small sample of what can actually be done to better understand present or past issues. The use of confidence levels can help any leader or manager make decisions that foster an environment of growth. References Franses, P. H. , Vroomen, B. (2006). Estimating Confidence Bounds for Advertising Effect Duration Intervals. Journal of Advertising , 33-37. Levy, H. , Byun, Y. H. (1987). An Empirical Test of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model and the Implies Variance: A Confidence Interval Approach. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance , 355-368. Sullivan, K. , Hossain, S. M. , Woodruff, B. A. (2010). Mortalizty rate and confidence interval estimation in humanitarian emergencies. Disasters , 164-175.

Essay example --

Monique Kuwahara Professor Skoniezcy, IR 309 The Future of Free Trade and Women For more than two hundred years, free trade has been the reliable solution put forth by most prominent economists. If protectionist measures were done away with completely, theoretically each sovereign nation could rise to their highest capacity according to the theory of comparative advantage, thus leading to mass output, higher living standards for citizens and a net gain for society. The 2003 Economic Report of the President reported that free trade: â€Å"... Brings greater specialization according to comparative advantage, lower prices, and a wider selection of products and services for both consumers and firms. Openness to trade allows exporters to sell their output in a larger market; workers in export industries benefit as the resulting higher prices for the goods they make translate into higher wages and incomes.† (CEA). However, the history of free trade has also been a tenuous one fraught with high sentiments of nationalism and high tariffs. Since Ricardo and Smith first wrote on comparative advantage in the 1700s, many states have been in a race to climb the ladder of success and increase profits. But, free trade has consistently ignored women as it spread from developed nations to developing, leaving women to crawl and scratch their way to equal wages and basic workers rights. Especially in this time when more women hold degrees than men and refuse to conform to the patriarchal system, free trade cannot afford to ignore women now in this global economy. Now, comparative advantage in free trade is calling loudly for the inclusion of women in the workforce and executive decisions rather than being pushed down by tradi... ...agricultural industry, this opens up opportunities for more affordable housing (more land opened up) for newly married couples that live at home with parents, reducing household grocery costs, and more liquid cash to spend on luxury goods. Japan is now in a unique position to culturally set an international precedent and simultaneously boost their economy. If more incentives were given to women to come back after raising children, or not being passed up for promotion, this would give incentive to more women to stay in the workforce and not force them between a career or a family. By reconstructing traditional women’s gender roles for women to successfully integrate in the notoriously male-dominated workplace, and negotiations with the TPP countries, Japan can successfully overcome their low birth rate and finally overcome the effects of the Asian Financial crisis. Essay example -- Monique Kuwahara Professor Skoniezcy, IR 309 The Future of Free Trade and Women For more than two hundred years, free trade has been the reliable solution put forth by most prominent economists. If protectionist measures were done away with completely, theoretically each sovereign nation could rise to their highest capacity according to the theory of comparative advantage, thus leading to mass output, higher living standards for citizens and a net gain for society. The 2003 Economic Report of the President reported that free trade: â€Å"... Brings greater specialization according to comparative advantage, lower prices, and a wider selection of products and services for both consumers and firms. Openness to trade allows exporters to sell their output in a larger market; workers in export industries benefit as the resulting higher prices for the goods they make translate into higher wages and incomes.† (CEA). However, the history of free trade has also been a tenuous one fraught with high sentiments of nationalism and high tariffs. Since Ricardo and Smith first wrote on comparative advantage in the 1700s, many states have been in a race to climb the ladder of success and increase profits. But, free trade has consistently ignored women as it spread from developed nations to developing, leaving women to crawl and scratch their way to equal wages and basic workers rights. Especially in this time when more women hold degrees than men and refuse to conform to the patriarchal system, free trade cannot afford to ignore women now in this global economy. Now, comparative advantage in free trade is calling loudly for the inclusion of women in the workforce and executive decisions rather than being pushed down by tradi... ...agricultural industry, this opens up opportunities for more affordable housing (more land opened up) for newly married couples that live at home with parents, reducing household grocery costs, and more liquid cash to spend on luxury goods. Japan is now in a unique position to culturally set an international precedent and simultaneously boost their economy. If more incentives were given to women to come back after raising children, or not being passed up for promotion, this would give incentive to more women to stay in the workforce and not force them between a career or a family. By reconstructing traditional women’s gender roles for women to successfully integrate in the notoriously male-dominated workplace, and negotiations with the TPP countries, Japan can successfully overcome their low birth rate and finally overcome the effects of the Asian Financial crisis.

Abortion Essay example -- essays research papers

Abortion has been and still is one of the most controversial topics in American culture. The reason for the controversy is the different viewpoints of this very personal matter. Some believe that abortion is the same as murder. Others believe it’s a personal choice which only they have the right to make. Due to the nature of the procedure and the concerns associated with ending a pregnancy, abortion will continue to top the list of â€Å"touchy† subjects in American politics and culture. As a pro-choice advocate, it is important for the right to have an abortion to be established and protected. An abortion is the termination of a pregnancy. The most common abortion procedure is the vacuum aspiration or suction curettage.   Ã‚  This is performed during the first trimester of a pregnancy. â€Å"†¦   The physician will then gradually widen (dilate) the cervix.   When the cervix has been dilated to the width appropriate for your stage of pregnancy, the physician will insert a small tube (cannula) which is attached to a suction machine.   The machine’s suction empties the contents of the uterus through the tube†¦The entire procedure takes just a few minutes†. On the other hand, the most controversial abortion procedure is the Partial-Birth abortion. This procedure, performed past the first trimester, has been banned in many states, including New York. â€Å"†¦the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, Bush administration lawyers said the procedure was never medically necessary to protect a woman's health and caused undue pain to the fetus, making t he procedure inhumane.† (2) The procedure is also known as dilation and extraction, or D&X, and dilation and evacuation, or D&E. â€Å"In a regular D&E abortion performed in the second trimester, a patient's cervix is dilated and the fetus is dismembered and removed by forceps†. (3) In 1973 abortion was legalized in the United States. In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to forbid a woman to have an abortion during her first trimester of her pregnancy. The Court also ruled that second trimester abortion was to be regulated by the state and only when the Woman’s health was at risk. This decision was a big step in the fight for women equality in the United States. It gave women the right to decide when or whether or not to become a mother. This was unheard of before. Before Roe v. Wade, women were having illegal... ... away with passing this first act it is only a matter of time before abortion is banned all together. This will mean a step back for all women in the fight for equal right in the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What will happen if it is banned all together? Well for starters, the practice of illegal abortions will be reinstated in the country. Young girls will go to these â€Å"doctor† and put their lives in their hands not knowing exactly what the outcome will be, because as with any illegal practice it will not be performed in a safe environment. It will not be followed up with proper medical attention. As a result, women will die. They will be forced to put their lives and their relationships with their families at risk. It will no longer be a personal matter or a private choice because once a woman who is afraid to have an illegal abortion and instead keeps an unwanted child will have to deal with the consequences. This might lead to losing a job, dropping out of school or even becoming mentally and emotionally unstable. I am pro-choice. I want my rights protected and I believe every woman whether she is pro-choice or pro-life will appreciate at least having a choice.

How Does Alcohol Affect Our Society and Our Health?

An alcoholic beverage is a drink which has ethanol in it. There are 3 types of alcohol, beer, wine and spirits. The highest percentage of Alcohol is normally in spirits and the lowest is in beer. Alcohol is legally drunken in most countries however, â€Å"100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption†. In England one is allowed to be served alcohol when they are 16 and over however one can only buy alcohol when they are 21 or over.In my opinion this is wrong because most people consider a drug, yet most people don’t see alcohol anywhere near as bad for you as taking drugs even thou â€Å"Alcohol kills around 85,000 people per year†. For the amount of deaths from drugs annually it is hard to tell because â€Å"Cause of death is recorded on death certificates but doctors may not mention drugs, even where drugs might be involved†. After listening to the 85’000 deaths a year fact it is surprising that alcohol is warmly welco med at any dinner, cultural event or even political events. Alcohol is widely used and seen in our society today.In this essay I will go through the health risks and how it plays a part in our modern world. Health Risks * The NHS recommend: * â€Å"Men should not regularly drink more than 3-4 units a day. * Women should not regularly drink more than 2-3 units a day. † Regularly means drinking these amounts every day or most days of the week. National Statistics say men drink an average of 18. 7 units a week, compared with 9. 0 units for women. On average this is correct however far too many people are drinking much over this statistic a week, and that is what is damaging or society as well.In Great Britain, just under a third of men (31%) and one in five women (20%) drink more than the advised weekly limits of 21 and 14 units a week respectively. Alcohol is a toxin which kills cells† When put in those words most people then take alcohol more seriously. Out of most drugs Alcohol is high in the middle section of dependence-physical harm graph. Short-term effects of alcohol consumption include intoxication and dehydration. Long-term effects of alcohol include changes in the metabolism of the liver and brain and alcoholism (addiction to alcohol). Intoxication mostly causes slurred speech, loss of oncentration and delayed reflexes. â€Å"Alcohol stimulates insulin production, which speeds up glucose metabolism and can result in low blood sugar, causing irritability and (for diabetics) possible death. â€Å" Alcohol also leads to heart disease, dementia (long term and short term), cancer, diabetes and stroke. Society In our society today especially Britain there is a huge amount of Binge drinking and over use of Alcohol. We are one of the most well known countries to abuse alcohol and it will definitely affect our future generation. Being brought up in a world where this is common is not good for anybody.Now children will be growing up to think it is ok to drink this amount of alcohol. Health Warning! Alcohol is widely advertised all around the world, from rich highly developed countries to poorer countries. This is one of the big issues on how Alcohol as a drink should be displayed. The question is, â€Å" If alcohol is a killing drug, should it be advertised in the manner of making one think it tastes great and will make you stronger? †. There are many complaints about this is issue especially because it is encouraging the younger generation that drinking alcohol is cool and it tastes great.The adverts make people think alcohol is good when the truth is most aggressive people will often be alcoholics. Some solutions to these adverts brainwashing people is to have a health warning sign at the end of the advert like on cigarette boxes. This would maybe stick in the watchers minds. The other option would be to ban alcohol adverts all together or at least on some channels and times. Banning the adverts would end the propaga nda about alcohol altogether however it would cause a large uprising from the brewing industry because sales would go immensely down.The other solution of banning the adverts is to ban them on channels that children tune into or young adults and teenagers tune into, this would stop the younger generation from being tempted. An example of this is â€Å"In Malaysia, fast food advertising during children's programmes was outlawed in 2007† The media coverage on risks of alcohol should be increased and the laws of advertisement and exploitation of alcohol should be controlled by a separate board and not the government. However the Government in my opinion should rise taxes alcohol.On the other side of the argument there is the fact that for some people alcohol is essential in there life for many reasons. â€Å" All socialites have a drug, in stressful places it Is good to relax† After looking over the information and facts on alcohol in modern day, I have come to a conclusi on that the government or other organizations need to do something about how alcohol is a killer and is not good for you. However I do understand the reasons for people to drink it but I still think higher taxes or other problem solvers should be introduced.

Free Essays on Education Of Mexicans In 1960s

Education for Mexican-Americans, or Chicanos, was something that was fought long and hard for. Years of oppression and social inequality were ingredients for an unpleasant time of protest, and violence, and incriminating actions. For many years, Chicanos in California and the Southwest had to deal with segregation, police brutality, and unlawful convictions. The children were thought of as future laborers so they weren’t taught with the same standards as other children. There was an ongoing struggle with Chicanos all over the country along with the African-Americans who felt cheated in similar ways to gain the civil rights that the Anglos had. These actions were eventually brought to the attention of The Supreme Court and overturned and set new standards for the events to come. The 1960’s were a time of movement and struggle for the Chicanos in the United States. Chicano students felt that they were being deprived their education and that it was becoming a big problem. This had been the first time that they had actually begun making actions since there were some in college, and they realized that what was being done was unfair. High school students had begun to talk and begun to plan their walkouts. They had many reasons to act; they were unfairly judged and taught. Many children, in lower grades were being put in â€Å"Mexican schools† and would be punished for speaking Spanish. Bilingual education was a big concern that the Mexican parents wanted to address. The problem was the lack of bilingual education and the lack of government support and funding for it. Lyndon B. Johnson, the president of the U.S. at the time, felt that bilingual students lost valuable time learning English. (Acuna, 333) Many students were being put into special classes and classified as mentally retarded because they could not speak English. This went on and parents complained, but it was eventually stopped when a couple of parents from Santa Anna, Cal... Free Essays on Education Of Mexicans In 1960's Free Essays on Education Of Mexicans In 1960's Education for Mexican-Americans, or Chicanos, was something that was fought long and hard for. Years of oppression and social inequality were ingredients for an unpleasant time of protest, and violence, and incriminating actions. For many years, Chicanos in California and the Southwest had to deal with segregation, police brutality, and unlawful convictions. The children were thought of as future laborers so they weren’t taught with the same standards as other children. There was an ongoing struggle with Chicanos all over the country along with the African-Americans who felt cheated in similar ways to gain the civil rights that the Anglos had. These actions were eventually brought to the attention of The Supreme Court and overturned and set new standards for the events to come. The 1960’s were a time of movement and struggle for the Chicanos in the United States. Chicano students felt that they were being deprived their education and that it was becoming a big problem. This had been the first time that they had actually begun making actions since there were some in college, and they realized that what was being done was unfair. High school students had begun to talk and begun to plan their walkouts. They had many reasons to act; they were unfairly judged and taught. Many children, in lower grades were being put in â€Å"Mexican schools† and would be punished for speaking Spanish. Bilingual education was a big concern that the Mexican parents wanted to address. The problem was the lack of bilingual education and the lack of government support and funding for it. Lyndon B. Johnson, the president of the U.S. at the time, felt that bilingual students lost valuable time learning English. (Acuna, 333) Many students were being put into special classes and classified as mentally retarded because they could not speak English. This went on and parents complained, but it was eventually stopped when a couple of parents from Santa Anna, Cal...

How to Use French Punctuation

How to Use French Punctuation Although French and English use nearly all of the same punctuation marks, some of their uses in the two languages are considerably different. Rather than an explanation of the rules of French and English punctuation, this lesson is a simple summary of how French punctuation differs from English. One-Part Punctuation Marks These are very similar in French and English, with a few exceptions. Period or Le Point . In French, the period is not used after abbreviations of measurement:  25 m (mà ¨tres), 12 min (minutes), etc.It can be used to separate the elements of a date:  10 septembre 1973 10.9.1973.When writing numbers, either a period or a space may be used to separate every three digits (where a comma would be used in English):  1,000,000 (English) 1.000.000 or 1 000 000.Its not used to indicate a decimal point (see virgule 1). Commas , In French, the comma is used as a decimal point:  2.5 (English) 2,5 (French).Its not used to separate three digits (see point 3).Whereas in English, the serial comma (the one before and in a list) is optional, it cannot be used in French:  Jai achetà © un livre, deux stylos et du papier.  Not Jai achetà © un livre, deux stylos, et du papier. Note: When  writing numerals, the period and comma are opposites in the two languages:   French English 2,5 (deux virgule cinq)2.500 (deux mille cinq cents) 2.5 (two point five)2,500 (two thousand five hundred) Two-Part Punctuation Marks In French, a space is required both before and after all two- (or more) part punctuation marks and symbols, including : ;  «  » ! ? % $ #. Colon or Les Deux-Points : The colon is much more common in French than in English. It may introduce direct speech; a citation; or the explanation, conclusion, summary, etc. of whatever precedes it. Jean a dit :  « Je veux le faire.  » Jean said, I want to do it.Ce film est trà ¨s intà ©ressant : cest un classique. This movie is interesting: its a classic.  «  » Les Guillemets and - Le Tiret and ... Les Points de Suspension Quotation marks (inverted commas) dont exist in French; the guillemets  «  » are used.   Note that these are actual symbols; they are not just two angle brackets typed together . If you dont know how to type guillemets, see this  page on typing accents. Guillemets are usually used only at the beginning and end of an entire conversation. Unlike in English, where any non-speech is found outside of the quotation marks, in French guillemets do not end when an incidental clause (he said, she smiled, etc.) is added. To indicate that a new person is speaking, atiret (m-dash or em-dash) is added. In English, an interruption or trailing off of speech can be indicated with either atiret or des points de suspension (ellipsis). In French, only the latter is used.  « Salut Jeanne ! dit Pierre. Comment vas-tu ? "Hi Jean!" Pierre says. "How are you?" - Ah, salut Pierre ! crie Jeanne. "Oh, hi Pierre!" shouts Jeanne. - As-tu passà © un bon weekend ? "Did you have a nice weekend?" - Oui, merci, rà ©pond-elle. Mais... "Yes, thanks," she responds. "But- " - Attends, je dois te dire quelque chose d'important  ». "Wait, I have to tell you something important." The tiret can also be used like parentheses, to indicate or emphasize a comment: Paul - mon meilleur ami - va arriver demain. Paul- my best friend- will arrive tomorrow. Le Point-Virgule ; and  Le Point dExclamation ! and  Le Point dInterrogation ? The semi-colon, exclamation point, and question mark are essentially the same in French and English. Je taime; maimes-tu? I love you; do you love me?Au secours! Help!

Animal Farm Bookreview essays

Animal Farm Bookreview essays The book Animal Farm was written by George Orwell, whose real name is Eric Blair, in 1943-1944. George Orwell was from England and wrote the book while living there. Orwell was born in 1903 and died in 1950. During his life he wrote many other books such as Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, and Come Up for Air. Orwell is usually known for writing political and social idealistic books. The book takes place on the Manor Farm in the 1940s to 1950s. The book never states the exact time period, but we assume it took place between this time span. The isolation of the farm influences the actions of the characters. The characters do not have much contact with the surrounding area. The book has the necessary isolation from the world for the birth and development of a new society. Its life is simple in the sense that it is unlike the urban life typical of the twentieth century. The setting of the book is a crucial component in the outcome of the story. The main characters in Animal Farm have significant traits that add to the development of the story. Old Major is the pig who truly cares for all the farm animals and is thus respected by them all. Snowball is the most articulate, innovative, and bravest of all the animals. Snowball provides an important link between the pigs and the other animals. Napoleon is the tyrant and chief revolutionary of Animal Farm. He is also an opportunist and is able to manipulate events to his own purpose. Snowball and Napoleon contend for the leadership, but Napoleon eventually runs Snowball off the farm. Squealer has strong powers of communication and uses them to twist the doctrines of Old Major. He is the propagandist of the animal society and the eyes and ears of Napoleon. Boxer is a kind, hard-working horse, but he lacks intelligence. His lack of intelligence is exploited by the pigs and he remains loyal to the new system despite its flaws. Clover understands th...

A Recent Economic Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Recent Economic Article - Research Paper Example The article was thereby written to enhance the public’s awareness on the first time that global poverty level has exhibited a decline since the 2005 level. According to the report, much of the decline was to be attributed to the economic progress reflected in China, which disclosed that more than 660 million people were released from the poverty level since 1981. Likewise, it was emphasized that the figures from the report reflected the poorest of the poor, having to contend with subsisting using about $1.25 per day and $2.00 per day, as indicated. C. Personal Verdict: The report was therefore successful in achieve its objective of quantitatively reflecting the decline in the global poverty level using the bar chart and explaining that most of the credit was due from the improved economic conditions in China. As shown, from the 2005 level, there was a decline of 8% in the number of people living below $1.25 per day to its 2008 level. As emphasized, the factors that were contributory to the improved level included improved social programs, counter-cyclical fiscal expansions, and poverty-reduction policies. D. Personal Opinion of the Whole Work: Personally, the results were indeed a fall to cheer or be enthusiastic about since it reflects the seriousness of governments all over the world to address the poverty situations through collaborative economic, fiscal and social programs – which apparently, have succeeded so

Simulation in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Simulation in Nursing - Essay Example Based on these approaches, they state that simulation should entail techniques used to represent direct replication of the original object for purposes of detailed learning of the same object; for instance, the exposure of some vital parts which cannot otherwise be seen or studied using the real phenomenon (Larew, sessions, Spunt, Foster, & Covington, 2005). As Jha, & Bates (2001) note, simulation technique has made it easy for medical practitioners to acquire adequate hands on skills in providing adequate medical care to all patients seeking services. It has helped in building all round experts capable of handling various complications in the medical field with minimum errors compared to those made in the past. Extreme complications for instance excess hemorrhaging in mothers giving birth, occasionally resulting into deaths have been arrested. Minimizing perinatal hemorrhaging is the main agenda behind the introduction of simulation in medical education since it is the major source of death in delivering mothers (Adams, 1999; Alspach, 1995). This paper investigates the importance of simulations in obstetrics education aimed at minimizing prenatal hemorrhage, as well as analyzes the impacts of simulation and its benefits in obstetrics education. Introduction Excess hemorrhaging can cause death of mothers if not stopped soon after birth. Much blood is even lost in cases of caesarean deliveries where a c- section has to be cut as compared to cases of normal birth (Benner, 1984; Adams, 1999; Kahol K., 2009). There is, therefore, a great need for delivering mothers to be prevented from loosing a lot of blood during and after birth. It is estimated that about 140,000 deaths occur annually with 1 woman losing life every four minutes due to OB hemorrhage (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1998). Between 1995-1999 maternal mortality due to OB hemorrhage in the United States of America was 14%, leading to the second cause of death in the region, cardiomyopath y 21% (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2002). The majority of these deaths is however reported to be 93% preventable if care providers had been more vigilant, recognized the risk and symptom to intervene early (Benner, 1984; Seymour et al, 2002). This is actually in line with the WHO report in 2007 on OB hemorrhage which indicates that OB hemorrhage is one of the most preventable causes of maternal mortality. Driven by the dire need for immediate attention and response to such vital conditions, most institutions have resorted to using simulation techniques to train nurses and gynecologists in the field of obstetrics. Benner, Hooper-Kyriakidis, & Stannard (1999) point out that simulation education is currently becoming the most preferred mode of education and training in most institutions offering training for nurses and gynecologists. Different kinds of simulators have been identified for use by various institutions and training organizations. As a result, the chances o f survival among mothers giving birth have been increased over the last few years (Adams, 1999; Case, 1995).

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Business management - Essay Example The University of California (2008), states that bio-Analytical measurement offers measurement solutions for research and quality control applications to academic and government organisations. Electronic Measurement provides solutions, products and services to the leading customers in the communication and electronic industries. Their wide range of expertise enables them to provide quality services and products to their customers. The company has gained insight from this comprehensive and unique perspective and they are dedicated to helping their customers to make advancement in achieving business results. The main purpose of the business management system in the organisation is to maintain all the operations and groups. These include the Chemical analysis Group (LSG), Electronic Measurement Group (EMG) and Chemical Analysis Group (CAG). They also ensure that the products and services meet the regulatory requirements and customer expectations (The University of California, 2008). The business management system provides a framework whereby business operations and groups can make decisions appropriate to their organisations geographic and customer needs while ensuring that appropriate minimum standards are met. The company’s infrastructure is centrally managed and functions as internal service suppliers to the groups. The scope of the company involves development, procurement, manufacturing, distribution, sales and marketing of their products and services worldwide. Throughout business research, scholars have established that a relationship exists between organisational culture and performance. Organisational cultures are the values which determine how the entity operates according to Mullins (2010). Businesses in the past believed that organisational culture was too hard to manage and were not keen on its importance. Today, they acknowledge that it can be used for competitive

Onset Ventures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Onset Ventures - Case Study Example Early-stage ventures are very young firms with limited operational resources and are usually in the development, startup or survival stages. The seasoned firms are usually in rapid-growth or maturity stages (Leach & Melicher, p.21-22). Seed financing is represented by the funds required to determine if an idea can be a viable business opportunity. This is usually necessary at the development stage of a venture. Other sources of financing are startup financing, first-round, second-round, liquidity stage, mezzanine and seasoned financing, depending upon the ventures life cycle stage. Onset Ventures is a top-tier seed investor which has raised three funds till now. The partners at Onset have analyzed and set six principles, based on which they provide seed financing to a startup venture. The principles address the skill set and experience of the entrepreneur, continuously evolving business model, validation of business model followed by hiring the CEO, the funds spent only to add value perceived by the capital providers, product’s Unique Selling Proposition and the skills of personnel hired. These principles have been refined over time and lead to the development of incubation process through which the company develops, refines and pursues or rejects business ideas. During the first phase, pre-seed phase of incubation process, Onset analyzes if the business concept can be an attractive investment. Based on the outcome of the pre-seed phase, it proceeds to the seed phase and provides seed financing to the business. Onset analyzes the possible risks and tries to address those risks during this phase. The five risks are market, technical, operating, pricing risks, as well as the risk related to the operational capability of the business team. Onset has a comprehensive process of screening the ideas and identifying profitable ventures but it has lost the opportunities of making more profits due to tight funding of the ventures and by being too careful and risk- averse. II. Facts of the Case A. Stated Facts Onset Ventures was set-up with an initial $5 million fund in 1984 and subsequently raised $30m (Onset I) and $67m funds (Onset II). Out of these funds, two-thirds have been invested in seed and follow-on investments, and the rest is kept as reserves in Onset II. In 1996-97, the size of an average VC fund increased by 40% to $71 billion. The company plans to raise $80m-$95m fund, it’s the largest fund till now. Onset has provided seed financing of $1m for the company TallyUp to develop a viable software product. Onset operates on a model of five business principles and a specific incubation process of pre-seed phase and seed phase to screen the business ideas. The company’s minimum target IRR of a fund is 30% over 12 year cycle. Onset puts in a company around $1m in seed round, $1.5m in the next round, and $2m in the third round. Onset I gave positive IRR within 4 years of its inception (appendix 1) and Onset II took only th ree years to give positive IRR (appendix 2). The average number of investment has increased in subsequent funds, i.e. $2.5m in Onset I, $3.5m to $4m in Onset II and expected $4.5m to $5m in Onset III. B. Implied Facts Over the last 13 years, Onset has invested mainly in seed-stage and early-stage financing. Onset II has performed better than Onset I (appendix 3). III. Problem Definition A. Source Problem How many funds must be raised for Onset III? Whether Onset should invest an additional $1m into TallyUp for

Design for Environment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Design for Environment - Coursework Example A power screw attached to the motor driver rod is expected to have sufficient strength and resistance to force. These properties ensure no undesired movement from the user and bone regeneration forces occurs. The motor will have to be small enough to remain inside the device. Addition of load bearings to the device ensures that the user can exert full weight on the device without failure. These drivers entail both internal as well as external factors. This device, being expected to be implantedin patients body, need to meet all the compatibility requirements. Some of the expected goals of this design include: The specification of the required rates of bone lengthening will be required. The device will then be adjusted accordingly. The self-locking provision for the device ensures that rods do not return. The power screw provides the lengthening force. The device will be designed with steel roads with smooth surfaces as well as edges. This will, therefore, eliminate any physical injury on flesh as well as bone contact walls. The device’ moving parts will be internally fitted to avoid injury. Titanium-steel alloy, being un-reactive, means that no toxic substances resulting from reactions will be released. These reactions usually occur as electrochemical dissolution. Release of any toxic substance could cause pain (Edwards, 1996). As earlier stated, the device is to have smooth surface and edges to avoid injury. Since the device is to beembedded in thebody, the points of connection of the two rods should be made airtight. This will ensure that the device’s inner environment is separated from the body fluids avoiding any possible contamination.Corrosion of implanted metals in human bodies has been a major challenge. The device being made of titanium-steel alloy avoids any possibility of corrosions. Suitable fixing attachments will also be designed. They will be

Onset Ventures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Onset Ventures - Case Study Example Early-stage ventures are very young firms with limited operational resources and are usually in the development, startup or survival stages. The seasoned firms are usually in rapid-growth or maturity stages (Leach & Melicher, p.21-22). Seed financing is represented by the funds required to determine if an idea can be a viable business opportunity. This is usually necessary at the development stage of a venture. Other sources of financing are startup financing, first-round, second-round, liquidity stage, mezzanine and seasoned financing, depending upon the ventures life cycle stage. Onset Ventures is a top-tier seed investor which has raised three funds till now. The partners at Onset have analyzed and set six principles, based on which they provide seed financing to a startup venture. The principles address the skill set and experience of the entrepreneur, continuously evolving business model, validation of business model followed by hiring the CEO, the funds spent only to add value perceived by the capital providers, product’s Unique Selling Proposition and the skills of personnel hired. These principles have been refined over time and lead to the development of incubation process through which the company develops, refines and pursues or rejects business ideas. During the first phase, pre-seed phase of incubation process, Onset analyzes if the business concept can be an attractive investment. Based on the outcome of the pre-seed phase, it proceeds to the seed phase and provides seed financing to the business. Onset analyzes the possible risks and tries to address those risks during this phase. The five risks are market, technical, operating, pricing risks, as well as the risk related to the operational capability of the business team. Onset has a comprehensive process of screening the ideas and identifying profitable ventures but it has lost the opportunities of making more profits due to tight funding of the ventures and by being too careful and risk- averse. II. Facts of the Case A. Stated Facts Onset Ventures was set-up with an initial $5 million fund in 1984 and subsequently raised $30m (Onset I) and $67m funds (Onset II). Out of these funds, two-thirds have been invested in seed and follow-on investments, and the rest is kept as reserves in Onset II. In 1996-97, the size of an average VC fund increased by 40% to $71 billion. The company plans to raise $80m-$95m fund, it’s the largest fund till now. Onset has provided seed financing of $1m for the company TallyUp to develop a viable software product. Onset operates on a model of five business principles and a specific incubation process of pre-seed phase and seed phase to screen the business ideas. The company’s minimum target IRR of a fund is 30% over 12 year cycle. Onset puts in a company around $1m in seed round, $1.5m in the next round, and $2m in the third round. Onset I gave positive IRR within 4 years of its inception (appendix 1) and Onset II took only th ree years to give positive IRR (appendix 2). The average number of investment has increased in subsequent funds, i.e. $2.5m in Onset I, $3.5m to $4m in Onset II and expected $4.5m to $5m in Onset III. B. Implied Facts Over the last 13 years, Onset has invested mainly in seed-stage and early-stage financing. Onset II has performed better than Onset I (appendix 3). III. Problem Definition A. Source Problem How many funds must be raised for Onset III? Whether Onset should invest an additional $1m into TallyUp for

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Report - Coursework Example This process is called transmutation. An element keeps changing as the nucleus loses energy and mass. Coins are metallic. They also are elements that contain mass. They are fit because they have heads and tails. Radioactivity can be determined when the coins land on a different side to mean that they have lost energy and mass. It is a probabilistic method, but it works well to establish the hypothesis involved. Probability is used in these experiments determine half-life and the process of decay. It is a game. It uses random actions to prove certain trends. Probability is also used here to track progress of decay of the coins. It eliminates decayed coins against non-decayed. Two random experiments were conducted to determine radioactive decay of random coins. The purpose was to come up with a statistical explanation for their radioactivity and to establish the procedure. The coins were tossed and probability was used to determine the process of decay. The coins were tossed and each coin that landed on its head was decayed. Each coin that was on its tails was not decayed. This was the mode of separation for the decay process. The second hypothesis is also a little faulty. It is almost 3. An average of 2.97 is recorder in the table to mean that the throws after the first are mostly two or three to create two or less coins

School and Communities Essay Example for Free

School and Communities Essay A school leader guides a student for such a brief moment, but is one of the connections that contribute to a student being successful and allowing for the student to transition easily in the learning environment? According to the recommended readings there is a correlation between the student’s home, community, and the school that facilitates the student’s transitions into and throughout the school system, leading to an environment that supports student success. There are several major transitions starting with kindergarten and progressing to the middle school level, and then onto high school. Each transitional time is critical and requires additional support to continue and to achieve academically. Based on my review of various articles, the following topics are promising directions that have emerged as areas that will make the connection powerful and successful. Family involvement during Kindergarten preparation is essential for young students to achieve to their potential. The importance of being prepared academically for school, and its implications for parents, has been the subject of extensive research and attention. One recent study suggests that fostering parent support and  parent learning about Kindergarten readiness can help ensure that children are adequately prepared to start school (Starkey Klein, 2000; Perroncel, 2000). In my readings it was suggested that a network of social connections that support children and families during the Kindergarten transition are needed, including interactions between teachers and children, children and peers, parents and teachers, and preschool teachers and Kindergarten teachers. While there is an increased amount of evidence about the elements that support Kindergarten readiness, there is also a need to better integrate the early childhood development literature to  fully understand the connections that make a difference and allow the student to be successful. For example, Fantuzzo et al. (2000) conducted a study to assess parent involvement for children in day care, Head Start, and Kindergarten. Studies such as this can begin to build understanding of how parent involvement changes from pre-school to Kindergarten. Future research can also build our understanding of the specific types of family and community connections that provide a strong support network for children, particularly those who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, as they prepare to enter Kindergarten. STUDENT TRANSITION THROUGH EDUCATION LEVELS 3 Despite the continued occurrence of the myth that family and community connections are primarily important at the elementary school level, researchers have begun exploring the effects of school, family, and community connections during transitions to middle and high school as well. Gutman and Midgley (2000) found that during the transition from the elementary level to the middle school level, both school factors and family factors were important to support academic achievement in African American students. Another study found that, contrary to popular belief, middle and high school students do want their parents to be involved, especially in terms of homework help and other home-based types of support and involvement (Catsambis Garland, 1997). This study found that parent involvement does not decline, as expected, but rather shifts as students move into middle and high school. Although they continued to be involved, parents reported increasing dissatisfaction with their role in relationship to the school, especially involving school policy (Catsambis Garland). These results confirm the importance of continued exploration of needs that students have during the transition to middle school and to high school, and roles that families play in supporting these transitions. The impact of school outreach is an important finding. School outreach and invitations to families and community members have a significant impact on the level and quality of family and community connections. In at least three studies, it has been found to have a greater impact than family characteristics on previous student academic achievement (Van Voorhis, 2000; Simon, 2000; Chrispeels Rivero, 2000). Simon found that when schools reach out, and families and community members feel that the school is extending invitations at a personal level, they respond with higher attendance at school-based activities and better quality of family involvement at home. The unique role that schools play in initiating and setting the tone for connections with families and the community cannot be denied. Researchers have also suggested that more research is needed regards to what motivates individual school staff members to reach out to parents and community and how  school staff can be further motivated and supported in building these relationships. STUDENT TRANSITION THROUGH EDUCATION LEVELS 4 There is a growing understanding of the role that relationships between staff in schools and community organizations play in the development of successful collaborations between school and communities. Jehlet al. (2001) suggests that there are â€Å"sticking points,† in organizational cultures and values that can hinder school-community connections. They suggest that these sticking points must be understood and addressed in order to build effective partnerships. These disconnects can be exacerbated by the lack of personal relationships that build trust and understanding between school and community staff (Center for Mental Health in Schools, 1999a). It is clear that family, school, and community connections can benefit children from before the time they enter Kindergarten until after they graduate from high school. Our charge in the educational field of study is to come together to address the issues highlighted in this synthesis paper and to clarify the concept and outcomes of family and community connections with schools. In doing so we will better understand these connections and create the knowledge needed to realize the potential of family, school, and community connections for student learning and student’s success. STUDENT TRANSITION THROUGH EDUCATION LEVELS 5 References Catsambis, S. , Garland, J. E. (1997). Parental involvement in students education during middle school and high school (CRESPAR Report 18). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. ED423328. http://www. csos. jhu. edu/crespar/Reports/report18entire. htm Center for Mental Health in Schools. (1999a). Expanding educational reform to address barriers to learning: Restructuring student support services and enhancing school community partnerships. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Mental Health in Schools. http://smhp. psych. ucla. edu/pdfdocs/Report/Expand. pdf Fantuzzo, J. , Tighe, E. , Childs, S. (2000). Family involvement questionnaire: A multivariate assessment of family participation in early childhood education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(2), 367-375. Gutman, L. M. , Midgley, C. (2000). The role of protective factors in supporting the academic achievement of poor African American students during the middle school transition. Journal of Youth and  Adolescence, 29(2), 223-249. Jehl, J. , Blank, M. J. , McCloud, B. (2001). Education and community building: Connecting two worlds. Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership, Inc. http://www. communityschools. org/combuild. pdf Starkey, P. , Klein, A. (2000). Fostering parental support for children’s mathematical development: An intervention with Head Start families. Early Education and Development, 11(5), 659-680. Van Voorhis, F. L. (2000). The effects of interactive (TIPS) homework on family involvement and science achievement of middle grade students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Florida.

Equipment for Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic

Equipment for Cosmetic Dermatology Clinic A cosmetic dermatology clinic differs from the traditional dermatology clinic in terms of the requirement of a wide range of equipment to perform various aesthetic procedures. In the past, the only instrument associated with dermatology practice was a magnifying glass. It then progressed to equipment’s such as Woods lamp, electrocautery, radiofrequency, cryotherapy and phototherapy units. Beyond these tools, the cosmetic dermatologists’ armamentarium includes various basic and specialized equipment’s to carry out a multitude of dermatological treatments and cosmetology procedures. (Box 1) In addition to the treatment equipment, photo documentation devices are also essential. These devices record the results and changes for analysis and prognosis of the treatments and can actually document the percentile UV damage, wrinkle score etc. The cosmetic clients (internet savvy) are aware of the equipment usage in various procedures and check for clinics offering faciliti es with the latest equipment and low downtime. The cosmetic dermatologist not only needs to be updated about the latest equipment’s but should also be aware of its management and maintenance needs. Poor maintenance leads to financial losses for the physician and compromises on efficacy and safety issues for the patient. This chapter gives a brief outline of equipment management and maintenance aspects which would enable the physician to provide safe, effective treatments and sustain the financial aspects of his/ her practice optimally. Box 1: Basic and Specialized equipment in a cosmetic clinic Basic Equipment Microdermabrader Radiofrequency and cautery Cryotherapy Mesotherapy Jet Peel or hydrafacial Microcurrent Electroporation Dermatoscope and photography equipment ( detailed in chapter 5) Phototherapy Units Specialised Equipment- LASERS and Light Systems Intense Pulse Light LASER Hair Reduction- Long Pulse Alexandrite, Long Pulsed ND YAG, Diode Pigmentation- Q Switched ND YAG Fractional and Ablative LASERS Hair Restoration- Low Level Lasers and lights Skin Tightening- LASERS and Radiofrequency, Micro needling Radiofrequency Vitiligo and Psoriasis- Excimer lamp and LASER Body contouring- Radiofrequency, cryolipolysis, ultrasound cavitation, low level laser therapy,etc. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT The basic requirement from any machine/ equipment is its longevity and optimal usage. This can be achieved by effective equipment management procedures [1] (Box 2) Box 2: Effective equipment management procedures Equipment Purchase Installation requirements (storage and space electrical supply, air-conditioner) Standard Operating Protocols Training of the staff Quality control checks (cleaning, safety devices, consumables, regular inspections) Maintenance and servicing (Daily, Preventive, Annual ) Equipment/ Accessories modification Equipment Purchase: The following checklist should be kept in mind during purchase of the equipment. This helps to trouble shoot maintenance issues effectively. Always buy from a certified company or a certified official dealer Check with the dealer for skilled technicians for installation and troubleshooting Sign the maintenance contract with the company (No machine is zero maintenance) Establish the warranty period (details and time lines) Note of the date of manufacture and the numerical code unique to each equipment. Installation Requirements Space and storage Requirements of the equipment and accessories should be taken into account prior to installation. Electrical connections and stabilizers: This has been detailed in Chapter 60. Special sockets and high voltage breakers, stabilizers and UPS (uninterrupted power supply) should be provided. Air conditioner: Most of the LASER machines generate heat and require certain temperatures to be maintained while in operation. An air conditioned environment is preferred as it remains closed, relatively dust free and is useful for machine longevity. Smoke evacuators Fragments of skin, hair and aerosols can damage LASER lenses or light based equipment due to physical interference with transmission. Smoke evacuation systems may be used to reduce the plume debris and limit the harmful effects on the staff, patients/clients and the laser equipment. Standard Operating protocols (SOPs) SOPs regarding usage of the machine are provided by the manufacturer. Indications and Specifications are provided in the operator manual and should be adhered to. Based on the patient requirement, if modifications are made in the SOPs, these should be documented and informed to all the staff. Training of staff (machine operators or staff responsible for maintenance) All the staff members in the cosmetic dermatology set up should be trained to follow the SOPs, understand the need and importance of equipment maintenance for the smooth functioning of the clinic. Quality control checks (cleaning, safety devices, consumables) In addition to the daily cleaning; regular weekly or fortnightly check of each machine, safety devices and consumables should be done. This helps to prevent emergency maintenance issues and financial losses. Maintenance and servicing (Daily, Preventive, Annual) A record should be maintained of all planned and unplanned maintenance and services, including any problems or modifications. The service contract records, contact details of service personnel should be documented well. Equipment/ Accessory modification Any modification to the equipment or accessories; or change in its operational usage may have safety implications associated with it. Hence, whenever any modification is done, appropriate documentation is mandatory. Standard accessories should be used. STANDARDISED AND EFFECTIVE EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT A standardised form, including all the aspects detailed above for equipment management should be kept with individual machines. A soft/ hard copy of this format for all machines should be catalogued and serve as a ready reckoner to the concerned staff. A basic outline of the form has been provided in Box 3. The salient aspects for effective equipment management have been included in Box 4. Box 3: Standard form for individual machines Name of the machine Indications Standard specifications (usually provided by manufacturer) Storage specifications: Equipment/ Accessories Space: Table mounted/ Floor mounted Electricity: Earthing/ UPS requirement AC requirement Consumables Safety devices- Goggles, cooling devices, smoke evacuators Cleaning Techniques Maintenance- Daily, Preventive, Annual or comprehensive maintenance services ( AMC/ CMC) Special tips do’s and don’t’s Installation date Operator Training: Names/ Dates Contact details for Maintenance services: Phone/ Mail id/ Website address/ Personnel Warranty details: Equipment/ Accessories, along with datelines Services Contract: AMC/ CMC, Renewal along with Dates Service done: Dates/ Done by whom/ Supervisory staff Box 4: General Tips for effective equipment management Keep a standardised form with individual machines. Train the staff to handle the equipment carefully Understand the Operators manual Take care of all the parts of machine. Hand pieces are the most important part. Place them in a protective box or on the machine as instructed Keep a check list of the consumables Keep all the machines covered and in a dust free environment Contact technical personnel for preventive machine maintenance at regular intervals Check for contraindication in case of all clients BASIC EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE The general principles of basic equipment maintenance (as per the standardised form) has been outlined in Table 1. Modifications can be done based on individual machines and clinic requirements. Table 1: Basic Equipment Management Equipment Crystal Diamond- USG, Cleanser, head Salt – cartridges Microcurrent Diamond Pro Lift Radiofrequency /Cautery Mesomate/Dr Injector Injector MesoGun-Manual-Automatic Jet M Machine Indications Exfoliation gently removes the outermost dead skin cell layer for the epidermis. Reduces pigmentation and tanning Improves Acne scars Reduces fine lines and wrinkles Reduces pore size and age spots Facial lift Muscle lift Body Contouring Iontophoresis-Product penetration Disencrustation- Deep cleansing Dermatoses papulosa nigra (DPNs) Warts Skin tags Moles Seborrheic Keratosis Granuloma pyogenicum Xanthelesma Rhinophyma Dull skin Irregular texture Uneven skin tone Hair loss Cellulite Lymphatic drainage Exfoliation Infusion Standard operating protocols Available Available Available Available Available Storage Temperature:20 -600 C Humidity Space Table mounted Table mounted Table mounted Table mounted Dr. .Injector has its own Trolley Table mounted or specially designed trolley Electric/ UPS/ AC Earthing + UPS/ AC- Earthing + UPS/ AC- Earthing + UPS/ AC- Earthing + UPS/ AC- Consumables Hand piece depending on the type of machine Nozzles of two different sizes small for face and neck and big for the body parts Aluminium oxide crystals Two long metal probes, one small probe with sponge for earthing , two sets of coloured wires, one metal roller, sticky pads and big pads. Hand piece Wire loop electrode and pointed electrode Disposable as well as reusable tips are available Kinked wires may need replacement Safety devices Foot pedal Air tubing Triple nozzle handpiece Safety goggles (during peel infusion ) Vitamins Cleaning The jar has to be cleared of all the crystals after every service and cleaned. Hand piece needs to be cleansed with alcohol swab before use. Tissue residue should be removed from the active electrode (Rf power ON) with a sterile moist gauze (water only) No scalpel scissors or any sharp objects should be used as it may lead to tissue adherence Disinfection All commercially available disinfectants may be used to disinfect the electrodes. Electrodes should be immersed in fresh cidex solution .then they must be washed and under tap water , dried and Placed in the supplied box Sterilisation All non- disposable hand pieces, cables, plugs and electrodes are autoclavable to 2500 F or 1210C. Steam cleaning of electrodes must be done just before use. Sterilize the guard with alcohol swab prior to the service Regular cleaning of hand piece Maintenance Jar needs to be replaced every fortnight for smooth functioning of the machine Spare hand pieces should always be available Replace filter and nozzle after every 15 bottles Daily Maintenance: Clean hand piece with alcohol swabs or SPCL cleaning Solution. Straighten the tubes. AMC Preventive maintenance should be done at an interval of 1-2 months Preventive machine maintenance at an interval of 1-2 months. The electrodes should be dipped in dilute H2O2 solution so that debris gets cleared, before washing AMC Preventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months. Daily Maintenance Clean the gun exterior with spirit. Do not allow spirit to enter the interiors. Charge the Gun daily AMC Preventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months. AMC Preventive machine maintenance should be at an interval of 6 months. Special Tips: Do’s and Don’ts Do’s- follow the instructions mentioned in the user manual Don’ts – do not place anything on the machine Don’ts- Coloured wires should always be tied up and placed on the machine when not in use Do’s- The only way the radiosurgery can create tissue damage is if the heat is allowed to accumulate in the tissue to the point where it can lead to excessive dehydration and hence tissue destruction. Preventing accumulation of such heat is the basic objective of radiosurgery technique and hence one should practice 10 seconds ON and 30 seconds OFF. Don’ts – Do not Use any inflammable anesthetics or cleaning agents. Use the injector and needle that meets the international and domestic standards. SPECIALISED EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Specialised equipment’s such as Lasers, lights, radiofrequency based machines are now an integral part of cosmetic clinics. Most of these equipment are expensive and have specific maintenance issues. In addition, the optical radiation emitted by lasers, IPLs and LEDs has potentially hazardous effects on patients, clients and equipment users. There can be direct damage to eyes or skin. A potential risk of fires or explosions from lasers igniting gases or fabrics and the problem of smoke inhalation exist. Engineering (in- built safety measures provided within the laser machine), procedural (policies and practices followed at the cosmetic clinic) and administrative (review by health department) control measures are needed to prevent exposure to potential laser hazards. [2] Effective equipment management procedures as outlined in Box 2 should be followed for each of the specialised equipment in the clinic. The most important aspect of maintenance is simple prevention. This can be achieved through the following measures: Routine inspection, of the laser system and the surroundings (Daily/ weekly checks) Periodic inspection and maintenance of optical components and critical subassemblies (Preventive and annual maintenance checks) Documentation and Record keeping Few examples for daily/ weekly/ preventive checks for laser equipment are outlined in Box 5 [1] Box 5: Examples for daily/ weekly/ preventive checks for laser equipment Examples for daily checks: Check whether the laser output terminates on release of foot/ hand switch Check the device’s alignment of the aiming beam with the therapeutic beam Check device’s filters/ tips for scratches or dirt. Check all system alarms and lights are operating appropriately Assess all device accessories including cables and connectors are clean and functioning. Examples for weekly checks: Inspect protective eye wear for lens scratches or general damage Check all protective blinds, windows and doors, are dust free and functioning appropriately Check that electrical system connections/ UPS, warning lights are functioning correctly Examples of annual/ preventive checks: Electrical safety Device calibration checks Output measurements Beam alignment Shutter operation Accuracy of timer Filters The general tips for effective and safe laser equipment management are outlined in Box 6. The general principles of specialised equipment maintenance (as per the standardised form) has been outlined in Table 2. Modifications can be done based on individual machines and clinic requirements. Box 6: General tips for effective and safe laser equipment management Laser Room (details in chapter 60) Restrict entry to the room when the system is in use; put laser warning sign Do not include any light reflecting objects such as mirror, Provide rubber mat flooring ( prevents damage and losses in case of accidental fall of hand pieces, goggles, etc) Services/ Maintenance checklist Maintain a logbook of regular maintenance check and calibration Maintain detailed information about service centre/ personnel Check for engineers training certificate. Calibration must be checked by authorized personnel with calibrated power meter. Always check for calibration certificate when under AMC/ Maintenance Deionized (DI) water is needed for cooling in some machines. Check levels 1-3 monthly and change Check fire safety measures Check for Electromagnetic immunity and declaration compliance. Check for recommended separation distances between portable and mobile RF communications equipment and laser Equipment Use Check the power supply/ UPS before the machine is switched on. If the machines need to be moved to a different room, do it carefully and avoid jerky movements Always place the tips or hand pieces in the designated box so as to avoid any accidental fall or damage to the same Optical lenses, fibre optic cord, some hand pieces contain lasing medium are expensive, hence handle all equipment parts with care Never leave the system in ready mode unattended Practice use of hand switch as much as possible Most laser screens have a touch screen. Be sure not to point on the screen while firing the laser shot ( Can inadvertently happen with the foot pedal) In event of any emergency use the emergency shut –off knob Use colourless gels for lasers Use Skin markers and colours for demarcating areas. Skin markers should be preferably white or appropriate colour depending on the laser absorption spectrum or else they can act as chromophores and cause burns Cleanse and dry the area to be lased thoroughly Inspect the laser tip always before treating the patient. Do not use if damaged. Make sure the correct eye wear is used (Different protective eyewear is indicated for different wavelengths) Do not treat eyebrows eyelashes or other areas surrounding the eye orbit with Nd: YAG or Er: YAG lasers. The light emitted by these can cause serious eye damage or blindness. Use corneal shields especially in cases of direct touch lasers being used in the orbital area. Gas based and pulse dye lasers (Example- Excimer, Pulse dye lasers) Switch ON everyday Cleaning of hand piece with alcohol swabs. Gas bottles used as consumables are very expensive Mirrors needs to be cleaned by engineers every 3 months. Calibration of voltages is very important. Dye needs to be replaced after 50000 shots Body shaping and contouring machines: All hand pieces need to be cleaned daily Better to use specific oils or gels, otherwise ultra-sonography gel can be used; may be glycerine based. The emitted sounds should be perfect Phototherapy units Check lamp power every month and calibrate if needed Clean fans every quarterly Table 2: General principles of specialised equipment maintenance ( separate doc- horizontal chart) CONCLUSION Equipment management and maintenance is an integral part of the cosmetic practice set- up. Specialised equipment such as lasers and radiofrequency based devices are expensive and have specific maintenance issues. In addition to the financial implications for the practice, the safety and efficacy of the treatments provided by the physician are chiefly dependent on well managed equipment. SUMMARY A cosmetic dermatology clinic differs from the traditional dermatology clinic in terms of the requirement of a wide range of equipment to perform various aesthetic procedures. It is a good practice to employ equipment management and maintenance measures. The effective equipment management procedures include checklists and processes for purchase, installation, developing standard operating protocols, staff training, quality control checks, maintenance and servicing (daily, preventive, annual ) and modifications in equipment/ accessories. Good equipment management and maintenance practices have healthy financial implications for the practice. It assures optimal usage and longevity of the machine life, along with safe and effective treatments for the patients/ clients.

Three Eras, Three Novels Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shelly, Well, Hu

Progress is a distinctive venture of man. The constant need to predict and control, instrumented by science and technology, has led to astonishing possibilities for which the long term consequences are unpredictable. There is, however, no ultimate goal of progress; and as limits continue to be broken, the boundaries of human interference in nature are expanding indefinitely. Everywhere, there is a sense of the unconquerable forces unwittingly evoked to serve the project of progress, bringing the project itself into question. This idea has produced three novels that suggest the improvidence of man's quest for authority from natural law; they are: Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, H.G. Well's The Time Machine, and Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley. The purpose of progress is to attain greater control over the environment, allowing man a sense of certainty and security. With more and more conveniences and enlightenments given by science and technology, man hopes to reign in the natural forces that affect him. Aldous Huxley imagines the state of these ideals several centuries into the future: A society in which everything is contained and regulated, down to free will itself. The very motto of the state is "community, identity, stability" (1). Their Science has advanced on our current remedies insofar that humans fall into a mental state or condition in which the varieties of expression and behavior of that individual become restricted; total human inhibition. The idea of a one world government seems ridiculous, because humans over the course of history have rejected such totalitarian governments over and over in the past. In Huxley's world, however, the people have completely submitted to the order. The people of this ad... ...kind meddles in nature's affairs to create a world of his own design, the effects of his actions are monumental. Man would do better to understand his place as a species with no control, and without the ability to predict or to understand the effects of experimentation on the natural world. No matter the era, man’s push towards progression happens on a daily basis. Whether it be not asking for directions and failed attempts to find a location, spending hours on craigslist for parts to their â€Å"projects†, or creating machines, even creating humans to better prove progression—man will not stop. These novels throughout the centuries have become clear methods of the wrong doings that led from excessive progression, but no matter the date man will continue to look for answers but with the help of Wells, Shelley and Huxley, perhaps they won’t overstep their boundaries.

Charlie Don’t Surf: The Clash Protest Imperialism Essay -- Political P

By definition, imperialism is extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force. That ideology is best exemplified by the Vietnam War because the United States invaded North Vietnam to prevent the dissemination of Communism into South Vietnam, which is ultimately an attempt at exuding power and influence by using military force. The Clash recognized the homogeneity between the American imperialism of the Vietnam war and the forced Westernization of the non-Western world, particularly third world nations; thusly, the band chose the Vietnam War as a backdrop for â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† because of it’s relevance to American culture at the time. The Clash released the album Sandinista! in 1980; this album is home to the highly overlooked song â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf.† The intent of this paper is to analyze the song â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† and examine it’s use of historical and cultural compone nts to protest imperialism forced upon third world countries by the United States. This paper will specifically analyze The Clash’s emergence from a tumultuous political climate as well as the decision to title the album Sandinista!. Musical composition and lyrical structure aids in demonstrating the protest of imperialism upon multiple levels and distinguishes the link between the â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† and a similar scene in the film Apocalypse Now. Emerging from England’s punk rock scene in 1977, The Clash morphed from traditional punk beginnings into the new wave movement. Described as â€Å"a more genuine, radical, proletarian,† sector of the punk genre, it was evident the band was destined to transcend musical boundaries.1 The Clash’s trademark idiosyncrasy is their layering of cultural remarks with historical relevancy througho... ...rus of â€Å"Charlie Don’t Surf† in the car, or helicopter, does not provide the background knowledge of the songs origins. In a way, without paying attention to the song, it mocks the ability to lose people into the music. Works Cited 1 Moore, Allan F. "Punk Rock." In Grove Music Online: Oxford Music Online.2 Browning, Boo. "The Clash: Another Flash of Lightning." The Washington Post, 1981.3 "The Clash Official Site." http://www.theclash.com/#/about/.4 Cowley, Jason. "The 1980s: 'England Was Convulsed by a Social and Political Revoltion'." Guardian, 2009.5 Ibrahim, Youssef M. "Britain's Economy Is Worsening Despite Mrs. Thatcher's Policies." The New York Times, 1980, 1.6 "Augusto Ceasar Sandino." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition: 1.7 The Clash. "Charlie Don't Surf." Sandinista! 1980. CD.8 Coppola, Francis Ford. "Apocalypse Now." 153 min, 1979.

What Is the Bayeux Tapestry?

The Bayeux Tapestry What is it? A band of white linen 70m long and 49. 5cm wide, embroidered with yarn, that depicts the events that led to William of Normandy’s conquest of England and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. What was the Battle of Hastings? A battle fought in south Sussex in October 1066 that determined the successful outcome of the invasion. Harold, then-new King of England, had legitimately succeeded King Edward the Confessor, but William felt the crown was rightfully his because of promises made to him by both Edward and Harold. AuthenticityThis has never been questioned – * Style is consistent with other 11th-century Anglo-Saxon needlework * First referred to in 1476 – displayed once a year at Bayeux cathedral * Halley’s comet appears; astronomers have confirmed this. This detail would not have been known by someone who was not closely connected to the event. Origin (Commission and Creation) Bishop Odo, by general consensus, for the fo llowing reasons: 1. His inclusion in scenes in which he may be considered dispensable 2. The tapestry’s close association with Bayeux cathedral, his ecclesiastical seat. 3.Three minor Norman knights, recorded in the Doomsday book as holding Kentish land from him, are named General consensus is that it was manufactured in England. Evidence for this includes: 1. Stylistic similarity with other Anglo-Saxon art 2. International reputation of English needlework at the time 3. Influence of English language – written in Latin with English syntax; English folk names appear, eg. ?lfgyva Age Potentially 946 years old. Was made between 1067 and 1082 if Bishop Odo was the commissioner – he fell out of favour with William in 1083. Bias It is generally agreed that there is a strong Norman bias.The evidence for this includes: 1. The small amount of attention paid to Edward’s legitimising of Harold and death 2. That a common alternative title, William the Bastard, is nev er used or referred to The attempted justification of the campaign – William is portrayed as reclaiming what was rightfully his and Harold as an untrustworthy oath-breaker, in spite of the strong English case for his kingship, the arguments for which include: a. That King Edward wished him to be successor and legitimately passed it on b. That Harold was a wise, experienced governor c.That William had no claim by descent to the throne It is difficult to determine exactly what has been changed or omitted as empirically-written information is non-existant and the single existing closely-dated English account, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, is brief. The only other source that mentions the main contentious point, Harold’s oath, is Norman (Deeds of Duke William, William Poitier). Value to Historians The tapestry provides tremendously important and interesting information to historians about significant Norman characters, their motives and a colourful narrative of an extremely i mportant battle.It is, however, demonstrative of the problem of history-fixing by the victorious side in a controversy. William would have had any unfavourable accounts destroyed had the minority of literate English had the courage to create them. Hence, historians are forced to accept that their only major sources are biased to an unknown degree and compare them with the few facts from other primary sources, eg. dates from gravestones, to develop a somewhat empirical account. References Stenton, Frank. The Bayeux Tapestry. London: Phaidon Press, 1965. Print. 25 Mar. 2013. â€Å"Edward. † Encyclop? dia Britannica.Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. . BBC. â€Å"The Battle of Hastings 1066. † Online video clip. Youtube. Youtube, 3 April 2010. Web. 25 Mar. 2013. â€Å"The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. † The Bayeux Tapestry: A Guide. n. p, n. d. Web, 25 Mar. 2013. â€Å"William I. † Encyclop? di a Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. . â€Å"Harold II. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclop? dia Britannica Inc. , 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. .

Poverty Is World’s Biggest Problem

Poverty is the most serious problem facing the world, according to a major worldwide poll out Sunday which put the issue well ahead of climate change, terrorism and war. Overall, 71 per cent of people named extreme poverty as the biggest global issue, compared to 64pc who cited the environment or pollution and 63pc the rising cost of food and energy. Terrorism, human rights and the spread of disease were singled out by 59pc, climate change and the state of the world economy by 58pc and war by 57pc. Even if the global recession has kept economic problems top of people’s minds this year, extreme poverty is clearly viewed as the world’s most serious global problem,† said Sam Mountford, research director for GlobeScan, which conducted the poll for the BBC World Service. â€Å"But with many other global problems seen as very serious, this represents a daunting agenda for institutions like the UN and G20 to address. † Results varied between nations. People in India and Pakistan rated terrorism as their top concern and it was also in the top three in Britain, Indonesia and Spain, which have suffered major attacks in recent years. Japan was the only country to view climate change as the most serious issue, while China ranked it second and the US ninth. More than 25,000 people in 23 countries were interviewed face-to-face, online or over the telephone for the poll, which was conducted between June and October last year.

Business strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business strategy - Essay Example Additionally, Microsoft has launched a program of developing tools of advancing productivity (Hachman 20). The objectives of these tools include improving the development, design, and debugging as well as testing software. An ambitious project of bringing graphics to life is aimed at creating pictures in real time and that look real to the natural environment. The R&D of Microsoft seems to be consistent with the core foundation and aims of the company to remain as the world’s leading software company provider. Technology has become a key component to the performance of Microsoft. Technology is defined as the making and usage of tools, systems, crafts, and techniques in order to solve a given problem. Through technology, the performance of a corporate can be measured by using various tools and devices. For instance, a decision support system is useful in collecting data from various internal sources such as data ware houses, databases, and data marts to model possible characteristics. Additionally, technology has enabled the formation of tools that enhances Microsoft to plan effectively in terms of resources (Hachman 21). An enterprise resources system in particular, is effective in helping corporate managers to have a consolidated view of all is taking place in their organizations. As part of the mission and strategy of Microsoft, the mix of basic, applied, and engineering research proves to a resourceful model. Basic research has become the foundation upon which Microsoft has based its decisions on what to do next. Consistent with bring a valuable technology to its customers; the company has consistently utilized applied research in order to prove the efficacy of its invention. On the other hand, engineering research has become valuable in inventing some of the latest technologies that have put Microsoft ahead of other companies in the market. Competitive advantage of a company is gained through a

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Global warming - Essay Example Allegre et al argues that CO2 can’t be a pollutant yet it is colorless and odorless. According to Wenner, there are several research evidence that shows that human activities cannot change the climate in any way. Curry argues that several research proofs that climate is insignificantly sensitive to carbon (IV) oxide increase in the atmosphere. Therefore the argument that emissions related to CO2 should be reduced is baseless. Curry believes that those supporting global warming have been exaggerating their findings using fabricated data. She believes that an organization like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has been misled. â€Å"This pause in warming is at odds with the 2007 IPCC report, which expected  warming to increase at a rate of 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade in the early 21st  century.† The fact that even the International Panel on Climate Change, a body with both human and financial resources, cannot prove the existence of climate change shows that it doesn’t exist. The proof that the temperature of the world has been stagnant for more than a decade is a proof enough that global warming is not well researched as a field but

Challenges and Opportunities for Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challenges and Opportunities for Managers - Essay Example Businesses that have a good crop of workers will outperform a company with subpar employees. The quality of the labor force influences on the performance of a company. Take for example two universities systems. One system is selective in its selection process of faculty member with a 90% doctorate rate among faculty members. This college pays its professor a median salary of $127,500. The second college does not emphasize college professors with doctorate studies. The average median salary at the second school was $65,000. Due to the difference in the composition of college professors between the two schools the university with greater credentials provides a higher quality of education. The higher salary offered by the first school made it easier for them to recruit professors with better credentials. Money or economic considerations are the top motivating factor for employees (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). Selecting employees that have poor skills or that are less qualified t han other candidates hurts the corporation. Managers are exposed to a higher workload because poor employees require a higher attention and supervision from the managers to ensure they perform at the highest possible level. Good employees on the other hand are typically self-motivated which saves managers time.

Can betalactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis Essay

Can betalactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis - Essay Example They are expected to work best when administered in the early phase of treatment, and should typically be used in conjunction with beta-lactamase inhibitors. This review addresses the feasibility of utilizing members of the beta-lactam group of antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis. The first part provides an introduction into the beta-lactam antibiotics as a group, their distinguishing features, their classification, their spectrum of activity, and their mechanism of antibacterial action. Next follows a brief overview of tuberculosis as a disease which poses a peculiar challenge with drug therapy. The literature review section features an extensive overview of current research publications addressing various angles of the question of utilizing beta-lactam antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, including results from in vitro as well as in vivo testing, clinical trials, and comments from reviewers. Finally, an appraisal of the available information is done, drawing out answers to the questions of why the beta-lactams have not been used in tuberculosis treatment, what are the issues involved, how they may be used to treat tubercul osis, what conclusions may be drawn from the literature information available, and the place of combination therapy in facilitating the utility of the beta-lactams in tuberculosis therapy. Beta-lactam antibiotics refer to a broad class of antimicrobials which possess in their chemical structure a beta-lactam ring moeity. The beta-lactam moiety (also known as a penam or azetidin-2-one) is a heterocyclic four-membered ring containing a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group, and is essential for their antibiotic activity (Nayler, 1971). Beta-lactam antibiotics include the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams and the beta-lactamase inhibitors, which together constitute the most widely prescribed group of antibiotics in existence. They are favoured in clinical practice over other

Physiology and Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Physiology and Function - Essay Example Ovum is a single celled female egg which carries the feminine genetic material to be passed on to the offspring. For this egg to develop into a zygote, a male seed usually carried by the sperm has to be introduced into it (Rogers, 2011). An ovum physiology is very detailed. Its development is induced at the follicle by a specialized hormone (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) while upon maturity; luteinizing hormone induces its release from the ovary into the mouth of the fallopian tube. An ovum is related to the reproductive system in that without an ovum fusion of gametes cannot take place (Heffner & Schust, 2010). Each ovum is haploid leaving the other half to come from the sperm; this would constitute a diploid molecule, the zygote which grows to become a fetus. Corpus Luteum (CL) is a yellow mass resulting from rapture of the ovarian follicle which produces the ovum. The principal physiological function of CL is inhibition of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in case implantation occurs. Its characteristic yellow color is because of high content of carotenoids. This component is crucial to the reproductive system in that it supplies high level of progesterone which supports the zygote in the early stages of development (Rogers, 2011). Incase implantation never occurs, corpus Luteum degenerates. Scrotum only functions as a sack to hold the testes, which are the male gamete secreting centers. Scrotum is essential in the reproductive system because it offers a sack cooler than the normal body temperature, which is adept for spermatogenesis. According to Rogers (2011), fallopian tubes function as conveyor tubes connecting the ovaries and the uterus. They have correct balances of ph and fluid as well as supply of Celia to convey the ovum safely to the uterus. They are important in the reproductive system in that they act as fertilization sites before the zygote could implant in the uterus. Ovulation has been

My Experience, My Goals Essay Example for Free

My Experience, My Goals Essay I grew up in a country whose native language is not English. So, needless to say, the move from my native country to the United States has been difficult primarily because of the communication barriers I had to contend with. However, while English might not have been my first language, I grew up learning the language nevertheless. In my home, we had access to English shows which I was constantly exposed to at a very young age. This is the reason why I learned English without much conscious effort. The language learning was taking place at the sub-conscious level. Lu (2) said that in the acquisition of oral language, â€Å"young children are active agents†, constantly making sense of the inputs that they get from their surroundings in way that is meaningful to them. From these meanings, children then create their own sense of language rules, constantly refining and redefining these rules through active engagement and communication with the more competent language users in their immediate environment. (Lu 3) I realize that the constant exposure to the English language at a young age is the reason why I grew up knowing how to use it. There was never a conscious effort on my part to use or learn English, because it was already ingrained in my person. While the people in my household are not proficient in the language, there was an effort to know it, perhaps in preparation for our migration to the US. I had access to English books which strengthened my phonological and print awareness of the English alphabet. This happened side by side while I was learning my mother language as well and while my parents and older siblings were trying to learn English as well. As a child with a facility for the English language, I was subject to an excess of attention that I would not have received otherwise, had I just spoken our native tongue and nothing else. There is a prestige attached to the English language that makes people in my country take a second look and listen closely to what I have to say. Such is the high stature of the English language in my country that most people associate it with affluence and breeding. The situation changed once my family made the move to the United States. If you are multi-lingual, you are regarded as ethnic, especially if your pronunciation has a very thick and recognizable accent. You will be subject to stereotyping, and in some cases, be even regarded as second class citizens. While I am not saying that everyone will react negatively to your accent or your use of your mother language, it is a reality that there are some people who regard that with some amount of condescension. It is not necessarily a bad thing, just a natural part of human nature. Because language is one fundamental aspect of culture, it is therefore only natural that we become defined or identified by our native language. Difficulties can arise if we are not fluent in the standard language being used in a particular place. In such cases, when we do not know the standard language, we are immediately labeled as â€Å"foreigners†, or not born native to that place. While to some people this may not matter, the truth is that there are people who will take this against you. If there is any field that multilingualism is always an advantage, in the United States or elsewhere, and that is in the world of business. This is especially true in the age of globalism, where most business have international operations as well. Being multilingual means that I will be able to communicate with my colleagues at work, and at the same time be able to communicate with a client or supplier who speaks my native language. Actually, upon deeper reflection of my experiences, I have come to the conclusion that people do not react to your multilingualism as much as they are reacting to the accent or how you speak the English language. The more neutral your accent or the better your â€Å"American twang†, the better people regard you. And this is true regardless or what place you are in. What we speak and how we speak, reflects our history as an individual. How we speak makes a statement about who we are as a person and a measure of who we could be. Knowing how to speak in a second language will not be of much value if you cannot be understood because of how you say it. Pronunciation can be a barrier in communication, so being able to say words correctly is crucial. The good news is that once, you are fluent in English, the process of neutralizing the accent will come naturally especially in a natural English environment. After all is said and done, there is great satisfaction in not just being fluent in a second language, but also being able to say it properly and clearly. And this is what I am focusing on: working on fluency and pronunciation at the same time. In an era of globalization where English is the language of trade, the ability to communicate in the English language is a definite advantage. However with that being said, the value of the mother tongue should never be forgotten. The respect that we have for our own cultural heritage renders us with our own unique identities. And in an era of globalization, where everything is being homogenized we need to hang on to that identity or stand to lose ourselves. Works Cited Lu, Mei-Yu, Language Learning in Social and Cultural Contexts, ERIC Digest, 1998, Retrieved: April 14, 2008 from http://www. ericdigests. org/1999-2/language. htm

Problems n Listening for TESL Students

Problems n Listening for TESL Students Listening comprehension test is a part of the examination for the course English Proficiency for Teachers which every TESL students need to be enrolled in as well as to get a credit in as to be TESL graduate students. TESL students who are the English teachers to be in future need to have good listening skills in English in order to be able to teach effectively. Unfortunately, TESL students in university come across great difficulties during listening comprehension test, even after they have been going through the course English Proficiency for Teachers which helps in developing and improving their listening skills for 3 years. Introduction The study is an investigation into the problem in listening comprehension test in English among TESL students. This chapter is organized into five parts i.e the background to the problem, the statement of the problem, research questions, the significance of the study and the limitations of the study. The background problem will discuss the basic skills involved in listening comprehension. The statement of problem will identify the problems faces by TESL students in listening comprehension test in English. The significance of the study will discuss how the study can be of use, both to the TESL students and lecturers in view of improving skills of listening comprehension. Background The listening skill has to be taught to second language learners of English as it involves listening comprehension which is a complex skill. The listening skill involves much more than just hearing the sound of the words. Listening is an active process which we receive, that is to hear and understand what a speaker has spoken. Nevertheless, we do not remain passive while listening. We have to react to what we listen in order to comprehend the meaning of what is spoken. Background knowledge is important in order to acquire listening skills. It is the awareness towards the particular topics. Competent listeners make use of that to make expectations and add on their own judgments as they listen further. In addition, a student also has to gave a purpose before he begins to listen. TESL students face problems in listening comprehension test due to many factors. The aim of this study is to determine the major problems encountered. Real listening is an active process that has three basic steps: Hearing. Hearing just means listening enough to catch what the speaker is saying. For example, say you were listening to a report on zebras, and the speaker mentioned that no two are alike. If you can repeat the fact, then you have heard what has been said. Understanding. The next part of listening happens when you take what you have heard and understand it in your own way. Lets go back to that report on zebras. When you hear that no two are alike, think about what that might mean. You might think, Maybe this means that the pattern of stripes is different for each zebra. Judging. After you are sure you understand what the speaker has said, think about whether it makes sense. Do you believe what you have heard? You might think, How could the stripes to be different for every zebra? But then again, the fingerprints are different for every person. I think this seems believable. Selection of problem Things to include: a. Background b. Selection of problem c. Objectuves d. Research Question e. Significance of the study: why doing the scope of study? f. Limitations of the study g.Definitions of terms h. Research methodology: qualitative? survey? i. Subject/Sampling j. Intrumentation: questionaire? interview? focus group k. Procedure of data collection l. Benefit of the study Format for Writing Dissertation Proposals 1.ÂÂ  Title Page The title sheet should include the information ordinarily encountered on the title page of the dissertation except that the proposal should be labeled as a dissertation proposal, not as a dissertation. Because some computer compiled bibliographies include only the first five words of the title, the first five words should, therefore, contain a substantive description of the study. A subtitle may be included.ÂÂ   2.ÂÂ  Abstract The abstract is expected to be brief (not to exceed 350 words) and should summarize the following: Introduction, Statement of the Problem, Background of the Study, Research Questions or Hypotheses, and Methods and Procedures.ÂÂ   3.ÂÂ  Introduction This section introduces the reader to the domain of the study and provides a general overview of the circumstances, issues, and background leading up to the problem under investigation.ÂÂ   4.ÂÂ  Statement of the Problem The problem statement should identify briefly the state of uncertainty or dissatisfaction with present knowledge in the field. Then it should clearly and precisely identify the purpose of the study in terms of how it will help to advance our knowledge in that field.ÂÂ   5.ÂÂ  Background of the Study A doctoral dissertation is not intended to be an isolated undertaking but rather an inquiry which has an intended place in some larger body of knowledge. This section should include a review of the relevant theoretical and empirical works which provide a broad background, or a theoretical grounding to the study. In addition, candidates are required to demonstrate the link between their study and the body of knowledge in which the study is grounded.ÂÂ   6.ÂÂ  Research Questions or Hypotheses Research questions or hypotheses should be stated clearly. These should flow logically from the discussion of the Background of the Study and should be consistent with the Statement of the Problem.ÂÂ   7.ÂÂ  Methods and Procedures This section should indicate what type of study is being conducted, how the study will be conducted, what data or information will be used, how it will be obtained, what controls will be applied to ensure integrity, and what sampling techniques will be employed. Thus, the section should convey the appropriateness of the data/information for answering the research questions; and, most importantly, it should describe the techniques for analyzing the data with direct reference to the research questions or hypotheses. A complete description of the instruments or procedures to be used in gathering the data should be provided. All proposals are expected to include relevant information about the technical quality of these instruments or procedures. Any instruments/interview protocols developed by the researcher should accompany the proposal in an Appendix.ÂÂ   8.ÂÂ  Limitations Students are required to address clearly the shortcomings and/or weaknesses of the research which may impact the findings as well as the generalizability of these findings.ÂÂ